Invoking the cd utility by itself (that is, without any arguments) will change the current directory to the directory specified by the $HOME environment variable:
nick@nimble ~ $ cd /tmp/
nick@nimble /tmp $ cd
nick@nimble ~ $
Invoking the cd utility with a single hyphen (-) argument will return you to the previous directory you were in.
If you accidentally issue a cd without any arguments, typing cd - is a convenient way of returning to the directory you came from - in essence functioning as an undo operation:
nick@nimble ~/a/long/path/to/some/files $ cd
nick@nimble ~ $ cd -
/home/nick/a/long/path/to/some/files $
nick@nimble ~/a/long/path/to/some/files $
Or, if you want to alternate between two directories, cd - makes this simple:
nick@nimble ~/path/to/some/files $ cd ~/another/path/to/some/files/
* Open volume control and click on File -> Change device. Make sure the Alsa mixer is selected.
* Click on Edit -> Preferences and check microphone, mic boost, internal mic boost — whatever applicable
* Try a skype test call!
I manage to setup my new Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron into my computer. Nowadays I’m fully using Linux and I find it quite challenging at the same time gives me more knowledge about operating system. I manage to write a full page of simple steps to install and start using Ubuntu. The guide maybe a little to simple and maybe targeted to mid level user who already know how to format and install OS on their computer. Most of the added application that I mention in the page is install using the terminal. For new believers do try it out. You find it more intriguing compare to normal OS. the steps can be found here….
Step 2: After burning the ISO image, you can boot it up for setup or just to check how the live cd works.
Step 3: Installation is in GUI mode. So there is no worries whether you gonna screw up. Just follow each instruction carefully. For the partition setup I recommend that you go for the manual setup as you can specifically detail the drive amount and the swap amount.
Step 4: After finishing the installation, your computer will reboot then yea…! a new Ubuntu appeared. If you are using ATI graphic card there’s maybe some glitch with the provided driver.(It happened to me and maybe your’s will be OK). Don’t be afraid to try it out. If it won’t boot up just go to the recover menu then choose the x server repair. That easy.
Step 5: What you need in your Ubuntu? I can recommend some apps for you:
Mozilla Thunderbird - sudo apt-get install thunderbird
VLC (play most codex you need) - sudo apt-get install vlc
Deluge (bittorrent) - sudo apt-get install deluge
Audacious (winamp like mp3 player) - sudo apt-get install audacious
Build-essential (It is a “meta” package that lists/installs a lot of useful programs for building/compiling things) - sudo apt-get install builde-essential
Adobe Acrobat Reader - download (choose to download *.deb. Easier to install much like running *.exe)
Adobe Flash Player - download (choose to download *.tar.gz. It is more like a zip file.You can right click it and choose to extract it. Then double click on the installer and run it on terminal. follow the instruction)
I manage to setup my new Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron into my computer. Nowadays I’m fully using Linux and I find it quite challenging at the same time gives me more knowledge about operating system. I manage to write a full page of simple steps to install and start using Ubuntu. The guide maybe a little to simple and maybe targeted to mid level user who already know how to format and install OS on their computer. Most of the added application that I mention in the page is install using the terminal. For new believers do try it out. You find it more intriguing compare to normal OS. the steps can be found 
Step 1: Download the Ubuntu 8.04 CD at 
